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Hydrological measurements are essential for the interpretation of water quality data and for
water resource management. Variations in hydrological conditions have important effects on
water quality. In rivers, such factors as the discharge (volume of water passing through a
cross-section of the river in a unit of time), the velocity of flow, turbulence and depth will
influence water quality. For example, the water in a stream that is in flood and experiencing
extreme turbulence is likely to be of poorer quality than when the stream is flowing under
quiescent conditions. This is clearly illustrated by the example of the hysteresis effect in river
suspended sediments during storm events (see Figure 13.2). Discharge estimates are also
essential when calculating pollutant fluxes, such as where rivers cross international
boundaries or enter the sea. In lakes, the residence time (see section 2.1.1), depth and
stratification are the main factors influencing water quality. A deep lake with a long residence
time and a stratified water column is more likely to have anoxic conditions at the bottom than
will a small lake with a short residence time and an unstratified water column.
It is important that personnel engaged in hydrological or water quality measurements are
familiar, in general terms, with the principles and techniques employed by each other. This
chapter provides an introduction to hydrological measurements for personnel principally
concerned with water quality monitoring. More detailed information on hydrological methods
is available in the specialised literature listed in section 12.5 and from specialised agencies
such as the World Meteorological Organization. Further detail and examples of the use of
hydrological measurements in water quality assessments in rivers, lakes, reservoirs and
groundwaters are available in the companion guidebook Water Quality Assessments.
water resource management. Variations in hydrological conditions have important effects on
water quality. In rivers, such factors as the discharge (volume of water passing through a
cross-section of the river in a unit of time), the velocity of flow, turbulence and depth will
influence water quality. For example, the water in a stream that is in flood and experiencing
extreme turbulence is likely to be of poorer quality than when the stream is flowing under
quiescent conditions. This is clearly illustrated by the example of the hysteresis effect in river
suspended sediments during storm events (see Figure 13.2). Discharge estimates are also
essential when calculating pollutant fluxes, such as where rivers cross international
boundaries or enter the sea. In lakes, the residence time (see section 2.1.1), depth and
stratification are the main factors influencing water quality. A deep lake with a long residence
time and a stratified water column is more likely to have anoxic conditions at the bottom than
will a small lake with a short residence time and an unstratified water column.
It is important that personnel engaged in hydrological or water quality measurements are
familiar, in general terms, with the principles and techniques employed by each other. This
chapter provides an introduction to hydrological measurements for personnel principally
concerned with water quality monitoring. More detailed information on hydrological methods
is available in the specialised literature listed in section 12.5 and from specialised agencies
such as the World Meteorological Organization. Further detail and examples of the use of
hydrological measurements in water quality assessments in rivers, lakes, reservoirs and
groundwaters are available in the companion guidebook Water Quality Assessments.
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