IS 9478 (1989): Family size bio-gas plant - Code of practice [MED 4: Non-Conventional Energy Sources]

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This standard covers the requirements for design and installation of family size bio-gas plants.

This standard does not cover the appliances for use with bio-gas plant.

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hydrological measurement of river and cannal

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Hydrological measurements are essential for the interpretation of water quality data and for
water resource management. Variations in hydrological conditions have important effects on
water quality. In rivers, such factors as the discharge (volume of water passing through a
cross-section of the river in a unit of time), the velocity of flow, turbulence and depth will
influence water quality. For example, the water in a stream that is in flood and experiencing
extreme turbulence is likely to be of poorer quality than when the stream is flowing under
quiescent conditions. This is clearly illustrated by the example of the hysteresis effect in river
suspended sediments during storm events (see Figure 13.2). Discharge estimates are also
essential when calculating pollutant fluxes, such as where rivers cross international
boundaries or enter the sea. In lakes, the residence time (see section 2.1.1), depth and
stratification are the main factors influencing water quality. A deep lake with a long residence
time and a stratified water column is more likely to have anoxic conditions at the bottom than
will a small lake with a short residence time and an unstratified water column.

It is important that personnel engaged in hydrological or water quality measurements are
familiar, in general terms, with the principles and techniques employed by each other. This
chapter provides an introduction to hydrological measurements for personnel principally
concerned with water quality monitoring. More detailed information on hydrological methods
is available in the specialised literature listed in section 12.5 and from specialised agencies
such as the World Meteorological Organization. Further detail and examples of the use of
hydrological measurements in water quality assessments in rivers, lakes, reservoirs and

groundwaters are available in the companion guidebook Water Quality Assessments.

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sludge treatment and disposal pdf

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Wastewater treatment plants are becoming more advanced and more common world wide.
In recent years, significant progress has been made in several countries to curb water pollution
from municipal wastewater. Almost the entire population of Denmark is now served by
wastewater treatment facilities and more than 90% of the population in Sweden, the Netherlands
and Luxembourg is served by treatment plants. A problem that needs to be considered
carefully is the efficient and environmentally sound management of the sludge generated by
these plants. When processing sludge it is critical not to fall into the trap of simply redirecting
the pollution that originally affected water, to other media, such as soil and air. This can
happen through the use of inappropriate technologies or by applying disposal approaches
unsuitable for the local conditions.

This report describes various methods of sludge treatment and disposal: it is intended for
those charged with the task of determining the fate of sludge, providing them with the
information necessary to select among action alternatives. The report has been developed
thanks to co-operation between the European Environment Agency (EEA) and the International
Solid Waste Association (the Working Group on Sewage and Waterworks Sludge.) This
collaboration has allowed not only the analysis, condensation and assessment of the quality
of this information in an efficient and comprehensive manner but also the organisation of
this document in the structured presentation found here.

One of programmes of the EEA is to develop documents to address environmental issues
that may support more efficient implementation of environmental policies. This responds to
two main objectives: the pooling of existing information on different techniques without
promoting or supporting specific ones; and the dissemination of relevant facts and figures to
promote the wise management of natural resources. We believe that this publication – which
aims to give a balance between technical and practical information – is a significant step
towards meeting these objectives. The EEA is aware of the controversy raised by incineration,
which has to be considered very carefully, but to respect the original idea of the programme
we had to assure that the full range of techniques used today were covered. The final choice
is left to the users of this information.

The reader will find a discussion on sludge characterisation by physical, chemical and
biological parameters, described by Ludivico Spinosa, who also developed the work on
transportation and storage. Agricultural use of sludge was prepared by Alice Saabye, which is
followed by a section on composting of sludge by Isabelle Coulomb. Drying techniques are
illustrated in Chapter Seven by Ådne Ø. Utvik. A chapter on incineration including vitrification
and co-incineration was prepared by Isabelle Coulomb. A section on accumulation and
landfilling of sludge was prepared by Bela Deak. The report ends with a look at new technologies
and environmental impact assessments, also presenting a tree for sludge disposal.
Legislation related to sludge treatment and disposal is given in the Appendix.labels : sludge treatment and disposal pdf,sludge treatment, disposal of sludge,treatment process, waste management,energy management

IS 15988 : 2013 SEISMIC EVALUATION AND STRENGTHENING OF EXISTING REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS — GUIDELINES

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This standard is particularly concerned with the seismic evaluation and strengthening of existing
buildings and it is intended to be used as a guideline.

This standard provides a method to assess the ability of an existing building to reach an adequate level of performance related to life-safety of occupants. Therefore, the emphasis is on identification of unfavourable characteristics of the building that could result in damage to either part of a building or the entire structure.

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IS 13920 : 1993 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces - Code of Practice

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This standard covers the requirements for designing and detailing of monolithic reinforced concrete buildings so as to give them adequate toughness and ductility to resist severe earthquake shocks without collapse.

Provisions of this code shall be adopted in all reinforced concrete structures which satisfy one of the following four conditions.

The structure is located in seismic zone IV or V;
The structure is located in seismic zone III and has the importance factor ( I ) greater than 1.0;
The structure is located in seismic zone III and is an industrial structure; and The structure is located in seismic zone III and is more than 5 storey high.

NOTE - The definition of seismic zone and importance factor are given in IS 1893 : 1984.

The provisions for reinforced concrete construction given herein apply specifically to monolithic reinforced concrete construction. Precast and/or prestressed concrete members may be used only if they can provide the same level of ductility as that of a monolithic reinforced concrete construction during or after an earthquake.

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IS 4326 : 1993 Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction of Buildings - Code of Practice

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This standard deals with the selection of materials, special features of design and construction for earthquake resistant buildings including masonry construction using rectangular masonry units, timber construction and buildings with prefabricated flooring/ roofing elements.

Guidelines for earthquake resistant buildings constructed using masonry of low strength and earthen buildings are covered in separate Indian Standards.

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IS 13828 : 1993 Improving Earthquake Resistance of Low Strength Masonry Buildings - Guidelines

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This standard covers the special features of design and construction for improving earthquake resistance of building of low-strength.masonry.

The provisions of this standard are applicable in seismic zones III to V. No special provisions are considered necessary for buildings in seismic zones I and II.

The various provisions of IS 4326 : 1993 regarding general principles, special construction features, types of construction, categories of buildings and masonry construction with rectangular masonry units are generally applicable to the masonry buildings of low strength dealt with in this standard. There are however certain restrictions, exceptions and additional details which are specifically included herein. For completeness however all necessary portions are repeated here.

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IS 13935 : 2009 Seismic evaluation,Repair and Seismic Strengthening of Buildings - Guidelines

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This standard covers the selection of materials and techniques to be used for repair and seismic
strengthening of damaged buildings during earthquakes. It also covers the damageability assessment and retrofitting for upgrading of seismic resistance of existing masonry buildings covered under
IS 4326 and IS 13828.

The repair materials and techniques described herein may be used for all type of masonry buildings
and construction.

The provisions of this standard are applicable for buildings in seismic Zones III to V of IS 1893 (Part 1). These are based on damaging seismic intensities VII and more on M. S. K. Intensity scales. The scheme of strengthening should satisfy the requirements stipulated for the seismic zone of IS 1893 (Part 1), building categories of IS 4326 and provisions made in this Code and in IS 13828 for low strength masonry building. No special seismic resistance features are considered necessary for buildings in seismic Zone II, but the important buildings in this Zone may also be considered for upgrading their seismic resistance.

The suggested reinforcing of horizontal and vertical seismic belts in this standard follows IS 4326
requirements of horizontal seismic bands and vertical bars at critical sections. For special buildings having larger span and heights beyond the dimensions considered in IS 4326 and in this standard, special analysis may be carried out at the responsibility of the specialist.

It covers the selection of material and techniques to be used for repair and seismic strengthening of damaged buildings during earthquakes and retrofitting for upgrading of seismic resistance of existing buildings. This code lays down guidelines for non-structural/architectural as well as structural repairs, seismic strengthening and seismic retrofitting of existing buildings. The provisions of this code are applicable for buildings in seismic zones III to V of IS 1893 : 1984, which are based on damaging seismic intensities VII and more on MSK scales.

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INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE 2006 NEW JERSEY EDITION

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this code provides the international code of practice prescribed in new jersey 2006. the provision of this shall govern the structural design of buildings,structures and portions thereof regulated by this code.

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loads on building

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Dead loads shall include self-weight of all items of permanent nature that will act continuously throughout the service life of the building, street, building works, street works, and the variations of its magnitude with time are insignificant.

It shall be taken to include but not limited to the following:

(a) the structure;
(b) all other structural elements that are affixed to the structure (e.g. windows, claddings and other forms of permanent construction);
(c) non-structural elements (e.g. finishes, roofing, surfacing and coverings, linings, kerbs , suspended ceilings, insulation, earth and ballast);
(d) permanent equipment including fixtures and fittings (e.g. permanently fixed wiring and reticulated services);
(e) partitions the positions of which are indicated on the building plans submitted to the Buildings Department (“BD”) for approval; and
(f) soil fill, waterproofing and drainage system for gardening, greenery or planting.

The weights of tanks and other receptacles shall be considered as dead loads. The contents of
tanks and receptacles shall be considered as imposed loads.

When there is doubt to the permanency of loads, such loads should be treated as imposed
loads while reduction of which under clause 3.7 should not be taken on beams and vertical
members.


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Bio gas production and utilisation

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Around the world, pollution of the air and water from municipal, industrial and agricultural operations continues to grow.The concept of the ‘four R's’, which stands for Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and Renewable energy, has generally been accepted as a useful principle for waste handling.

The emission of CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHG) has become an important issue, particularly since Russia has ratified the Kyoto Protocol which came into force on 16 February, 2005. Governments and industries are therefore increasingly on the lookout for technologies that will allow for more efficient and cost-effective waste treatment while minimising GHG. The CO2-trade will even further increase the need for CO2-neutral technologies. When using source separated MSW the cycle can be fully closed. The organic material is recycled to land and the energy produced meets the process energy requirements of the plant as well as providing a transport fuel. (Courtesy Kompogas)

One technology that can successfully treat the organic fraction of wastes is AD. When used in a fully-engineered system, AD not only provides pollution prevention, but also allows for energy, compost and nutrient recovery.Thus, AD can convert a disposal problem into a profit centre. As the technology continues to mature, AD is becoming a key method for both waste reduction and recovery of a renewable fuel and other valuable co-products. Worldwide, there are now approximately 150 AD plants in operation and a further 35 under construction using MSW or organic industrial waste as their principal feedstock.The total annual installed capacity is more than five million tonnes, which has the potential to generate 600 MW of electricity. Waste managers have found that AD provides environmental benefits allowing waste disposal facilities to meet increasingly stringent regulations.
Controlling odour and recovering nutrients are major drivers in their decisionmaking. The use of AD for sewage sludge stabilisation is well established and the use of AD as a (pre-) treatment step for industrial wastewater is increasing rapidly, to the point where there are now more than 2,500 vendor-supplied systems in operation or under construction throughout the world. Over 30 types of industry have been identified as having wastewaters amenable to AD treatment, including processors of beverages, chemicals, food, meat, milk, pulp and paper, and pharmaceutics.

The most wide spread system for the treatment of industrial waste water is the so called UASB reactor. The modern types are two-stage systems with internal recycling.


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